life

Hello my name is Valeria and I want to tell you about life. Though I have sixteen years I have gone through a lot. I live in Estonia with my grandmother and my mother works in Italy.



This process of reproduction and evolution, taking place due to the ability to store acquired characters.
Talking about life, usually mean life bodies with the genome containing the entire coded set required for the full period of existence of proteins. In this category of life do not get some organisms, such as bacteriophages, which do not produce their proteins.

Attempts to identify fundamental differences of living and nonliving made a long time. At different times, different authors have used different approaches.

One direction is to consider the boundaries of life: the phenomena of birth and death. So there was a separate philosophical direction, study death - thanatology. According to the logic of one of its founders metaphysics MF K. Bichat, life is understood as a set of phenomena, resisting death. Similarly, describes the phenomenon of his opponent, dialectical materialist Engels: "Life has a way of existence of albuminous bodies ...". He also gave a quote: "Live - means to die." Both opponents thought of the only known if the protein form of life and defined it in relation to her own opposites - death, using the classical objective thinking and binary logic.

In modern literature the concept of life can be interpreted as the classical philosophical and biological perspective, and from the standpoint of information theory, cybernetics, topology, physics of complex systems of religion.


The zone of habitability for humans on the various stellar image area for human habitation on the various stars, shows one of the representations on the prevalence of life in the universe, the existence of only living in the moment "hydrocarbon" person on planet Earth, solar system, our galaxy, our universe. The figure shows the probable distribution of chemically us adequate forms of life in the universe, tentatively associated with the same human process of sharing the same chemical and geometrical dimensions, determined by the gravity, climate, and other characteristics of the planets. This scheme does not give picture of the extraterrestrial civilizations.


Living nature (in terms of the Earth): Categories performing development processes * within their life cycles.

The term "development" in the above value is entered with an uppercase letter to its separation from the common terms "development", meaning growth from the initial point (position, phase, momentum) to the highest point (position, phase, momentum).
Categories: A. Land. Elements of the Earth, determine the development of other living Entities - bark with the whole set of its constituent elements, and all water resources, atmosphere, biogeocenoses.

BI ecosystem, elements of the category "Earth" - are in dynamic equilibrium of natural systems, consisting of parts of the cortex and the adjacent water, air and living creatures.

Development: the full implementation life cycle, unfolding a living entity in space and time in this series - the set of shared natural processes of the universe or the private views of these processes represent a set of genetic programs - from the emergence (origin) to the cessation of existence as a living entity (celom Development Center for Living beings: the improvement in the implementation of the life cycles of adaptive capacities of individuals to preserve the species).

Full implementation life cycle: the set of natural processes or genetic program process of successive changes in the normal state of a living entity.

Normal state, Norma:

free, steady-going process of development of living entity that has health;
not limited to internal and external causes development opportunity.
Health

potential development of living nature / creature.
attribute and an integral component of a living entity, describing its ability to develop.
3. Living beings - the representatives of all the 5 biological kingdoms of the Earth (archaebacteria, bacteria, fungi, plants, animals and representatives of the species "man").

[Edit] Criticism
Life can not get mix of chemicals, so there is no reason to assert that life "samovoznikla" of chemicals, but that does not deny the potential for it in the future. Also in nature has not yet found examples of such "samovozniknoveniya" even in unicellular organisms.

These systems definition is limited on living beings (beings) who carry out software development cycle. This leaves out consideration of other life forms, using different principles of existence, or created on a different basis - for example, entities that are created based on artificial intelligence (including the system of creative artificial intelligence [3]).

[Edit] Models
[Edit] Chemical and physical
Life - the predominance of the synthesis of the processes of decay, a pool of energy-consuming processes of change of the substance and other objects of physical chemistry, which are distinguishable two-cycle (in time):

regeneration cycle of necessary substances
regeneration cycle mechanism of regeneration of the substance.
Our carbon life in this scheme is as follows: metabolism of the cell - the regeneration cycle of substance, cell division and multiplication - the regeneration cycle of the mechanism of regeneration of the substance.

This model visualizes the ability of unlimited replication of living organisms. This is one of the first simple two-dimensional models of the concept of life that tend to use non-linear ways of thinking and the use of wave properties of reality.

[Edit] Criticism
In the Sun is dominated by the synthesis of the processes of decay. If so, can we call the sun alive?

If a person is deprived of food, that would be violated its cycle of regeneration necessary substances. Nevertheless, for some time, he will still be a living creature.

Definition includes only creatures who have in their structure repeated identical elements. Do not allow for the possibility of existence of living beings that structure.

[Edit] Chemical-wave model
Life - a chemical wave, ie a multi-dimensional cyclic catalytic chemical reaction. At each moment of its existence, called the lifetime of each thread of the reaction at any level, considering the scale of molecules to the classes of living organisms, there are three material elements:

resource
catalyst
result.
For each of these elements control the following properties is necessary:

phase of the wave of the existence, nonexistence,
function of the spatial distribution of concentrations.
Elements interact with each other in a time-phases. Oscillation is the concentration of substances. Each result is a resource for the next level of interaction - the wave of concentrations of substances. Life came into being in the process of spontaneous chemical chain of the catalytic reaction of one of the threads of the end result was identical to one of its own resource (one of the previous generations). All cyclic chemical reactions proceed without loss of information indefinitely - thus the chemical life of the genotype is considered infinite. In the complex flow of chemical waves occurs entropy damping, resulting in the need for the death of the individual cycles of the wave (the individual molecules, cells, the body of organisms).

The model of chemical waves:

includes in the category of living organisms a wide range of objects from the bacteriophage to the entire humanity and the class of living matter, considered as a single process of nature
good description of the events over the past four billion years of evolution of our planet
has the opportunity to describe the chemical forms of life that might have arisen, for example, on other planets, at great depths of the Earth: the land and ocean, the atmosphere at high altitudes
quantifiable modeling methods of mathematics
clearly describes the process of nucleation of organic life on Earth
explains the phenomena of finite lifetime of the organism and the immortality of the genotype.
[Edit] Criticism
This model also does not include living beings who are deprived of their livelihood.

So people without food or drink - not a full life, and in this you can see some sense.

Defining a resource, catalyst and the result can sometimes be to deal with some problems is a sufficient condition for the reference concept alive. For example the fire has only two out of three components: the resource (wood plus oxygen) and catalyst (ignition temperature), and the result - the ashes and the smoke is not a resource for his own and, therefore, the fire in this context is not called a living, but called autowaves. At the same time, in another context, one can say "living flames", meaning a property of living is constantly changing. Each time the reader himself must decide what context the author had in mind.

[Edit] Cybernetic (information)
Life - a cybernetic structure, implementation of specific information functions:

memory, coding, writing, sending, receiving, decoding and interpretation (performance) management information
own internal language - a system of signals, properties and methods.
The ability to "listen" and "talk" in the internal language (processing of signals, performing information functions)
Observed in the natural environment so-called. biological life forms can also

under certain environmental conditions to replicate (reproduce), ie:
Life - a virtual object that is not associated with a specific material object carrier, according to the laws of cybernetics, has the invariance properties of its description (the ability to copy information about an object from one material to another carrier) and izofunktsionalnosti interpretation of this description (of the body's functions) in an arbitrary environment .

The model includes the category of living organisms:

the full range of life in the model of chemical waves
civilization with its culture, including some computer programs to be considered already as a living organism.
It can be used for:

description of the "silicon-electrical, semiconductor life
description and modeling of structures of any other forms of life on an arbitrary substrate,
description and modeling of dynamic processes perspective of the evolution of life,
predict the future evolution of life.
[Edit] Criticism
The computer has its own internal language, the system of signals, properties and methods that are not associated with a specific material carriers and is able to move without the loss of some information from one material to another carrier, reproduktiruya it. Can I just on these grounds a computer system (or abstract computer) to name a living?

On the other hand, do not always live objects transmit their hereditary information without loss.

[Edit] Entropy-evolutionary
Life - a turbulence in the flow of information entropy in the universe's expansion, which increases the entropy of the space in the transformation of the entropy of the time.

[Edit] Criticism
If we look at events objectively and in isolation, regardless of their connection with the history of the real world and its causal relationships, then ...

A stone thrown up and creature falling down and do not fit this definition.

[Edit] Thermodynamic
Life - the process of unilateral exchange of information on the structure between the limited part of the material system and its environment, using one-sided effect of membrane conductance. The conductivity of the membrane of a living organism in the direction of "inside the body" for information is high, the entropy is low. In the direction "of the body" - on the contrary: the conductivity for information is low and the entropy is high. An example of such a membrane is a physical boundary of any two different environments. The result of the existence of such membranes are the formation of a region of space with a high information and low entropy relative to the average of the values in this field. Information saturation field automatically implies the fact of the accumulation of energy in it, through which the organism has remained unchanged for a long time, relatively less variability in time, which means recognition of her for some length of time, improves the stability of the time this area - here there is a living organism . Thus, the crystal, unlike the plasma or gas, is stable over time. The role of the membrane play a key vector of force of interaction and the probability distributions of nucleons and leptons atoms. If the system for some reason appeared crystal, then the whole fabric of the system will seek to gradually move into the crystal - neizmenchivogo time education. In the case of our carbon membrane life due to the excess of information within the organism is capable of while the one-sided conduction. This model well explains why the body of living organisms die: Membrane spent, its stock information, and their conductivity in both directions aligned. On the other hand, replication from a subsidiary body created by the membrane is not in the likeness of the parent cell membrane, but at significantly less mutated RNA or DNA. In the molecules of all the hereditary information, including the properties of the membrane, is encoded nonlinear functions with deep negative feedback, provide compensation for the random deviations of its properties. If the properties are restored in full, then the genotype does not die, and we say, "live".

[Edit] Criticism
Life is defined as a property of the anisotropic direction for different substances of membrane conductance. This definition fits the computer system designed for the accumulation of statistical information from sensors.
Membranes are two-way, but in varying degrees of anisotropic conductivity for different substances. Role of membranes in cells treated Peter D. Mitchell (Mitchell, 1978 Nobel Prize in chemistry), and after him, academician Skulachevym.

[Edit] Technology
Natural biological - the process of struggle for the vital interests of the symmetric catalyst.

In a first approximation, any living object can be represented as the catalyst that absorbs (vital interest in entering / food /), and highlights (self-interest at the output / waste products /), while he remains virtually unchanged. Every living object has a structural, geometric and dynamic (functional) symmetries. The struggle of living objects occurs usually when there is a paucity of objects of their absorption of vital interests or surplus items highlight their vital interests. Every living object (object system) can not be a closed system, because otherwise there comes his death (death). Because of the openness of the living always has a place to be and the approach is not possible absolute accuracy of its model. In the case where waste products (the vital interests of the output) of a living object is food (the vital interests of the input) of another living object, such living objects form a symbiotic relationship, which can be so strong that the forms multicellular structure.

Basic vital interests of animals have the form of oral (input) and anal (exit) holes. The axis of geometric symmetry usually runs between these holes.

Any living objects have a functional symmetry by virtue of which they can exchange among themselves the information in the form of viruses.

Reproduction - a derivative of symmetry.

[Edit] Criticism
By definition, the symmetry required of all biologically active proteins (peptides) and proteins (peptides) do not possess it should be killed, but to date no known criteria for the given symmetry at this level.

If life is considered planetary, ie Planet Earth to take over the living object, then its vital interest is the solar energy (vital interest to the entrance). But the vital interests of the output (due to the need for openness of the system) must be viruses, bacteria, fungi, animals (in particular) who are obliged to leave the Earth because otherwise the system will be closed, and life will cease. Ie Earth must be a hotbed of this form of existence of matter as life. If the Earth in the EVA receives viruses, the viruses have the right to life on Earth. If you enter the bacteria and fungi, they also have the right to life on earth. If the open space will not do animals (including man), they are doomed to inevitable destruction of this planet. This question probably depends on the time and the availability of overpopulation. Maybe it was the cause of death of Dinosaurs, infest the planet?

[Edit] Other
Created and other models (for objective thought: "There are other theories and hypotheses about the existence of ') not only the protein forms of life and not somewhere in other galaxies, but close to us. For example: lepton theory.

[Edit] Criticism
[Edit] unlearned
This definition describes the life forms that are possible only in the material world.

In terms of religion, all life is a gift from the ever-living God.

[Edit] definition of completeness
Determination does not apply to the idealized, virtualized, or other simulated worlds, which may in general have no direct relation to the local material world - such as a city Zurbagan built a famous writer Alexander Grin.

Defining hard enough narrowing the scope of life in an infinite material world. It is assumed that life always has a genetic targets, and eliminated the possibility of life, such as processes in the stars, or computer programs that may not have genetic objects such as chemicals and have a different mechanism of replication of replication of its substrate.

Living processes are also left out of this description of life.

Rather vague definition of the role of genetic sites for life. It remains unclear how these objects are used to transform inanimate objects into living.

Until now, the end is not clear the status of objects such as viruses (biological, computer). There is a theory about the existence of life based on silicon. There is a perception that it is possible near the center of the earth, at high temperatures, because silicon at a temperature normal for life on the basis of carbon goes from liquid to solid.

[Edit] Unscientific
[Edit] Religious
Life - a wonderful property, bestowed by the Gods or God, which is the source of life. There are earthly life, ending with a physical death and eternal life.